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- $Unique_ID{BRK04174}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult}
- $Subject{Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult Acute Respiratory Distress
- Syndrome ARDS Shock Lung Wet Lung Pump Lung Bronchial Asthma Pneumonia
- Emphysema Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 611:
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Adult Respiratory
- Distress Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM
- listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- ARDS
- Shock Lung
- Wet Lung
- Pump Lung
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Bronchial Asthma
- Pneumonia
- Emphysema
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a lung disorder caused by direct
- injury to the lungs or acute illness. Major symptoms may include breathing
- difficulties (dyspnea), rapid breathing (tachypnea), excessively deep and
- rapid breathing (hyperventilation) and insufficient levels of oxygen in the
- circulating blood (hypoxemia).
-
- Symptoms
-
- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome often occurs in conjunction with other
- illnesses and is characterized by the inability to breathe properly.
- Mechanical ventilation, surgical insertion of a breathing tube (tracheotomy)
- or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is usually necessary to aid in
- breathing. The patient can neither breathe in or out sufficiently enough to
- clear the lungs. Secondary conditions may occur resulting in pneumonia, or
- other infections. Chronic lung disease, multiple organ system failure and
- irreversible respiratory dysfunction may also occur.
-
- Causes
-
- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome is caused by acute illness or injury that
- either directly or indirectly affects the lungs. Some of the conditions are:
- direct chest injury (trauma), prolonged or profound shock (depression of the
- body's vital signs), blockage (embolism) of the airways in the lungs, heart
- bypass surgery, oxygen poisoning, blood poisoning, or acute bleeding
- (hemorrhagic) inflammation of the pancreas and bacterial or viral pneumonias.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome can affect persons of any age who suffer
- acute injury or illness affecting the lungs.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Adult
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential
- diagnosis:
-
- Bronchial Asthma is a common respiratory disease marked by many different
- causes, airway irritability, and airway inflammation. Most of these problems
- are treatable. Asthma affects 2 to 6 percent of the U.S. population. It
- usually begins before the age of ten in about one-half of all patients and
- occurs twice as often in males as in females.
-
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Symptoms such as fever, cough,
- large amounts of mucous production (sputum), fluid in the space surrounding
- the lungs (pleurisy) and/or chills occur. Chest pain, headache, diarrhea,
- sore throat and fever blisters may also develop. Shortness of breath,
- difficulty in breathing, decreased exercise tolerance and night sweats are
- characteristic. Pneumonia frequently occurs in middle-aged to older adults
- with various underlying diseases. However, it can occur in persons of all
- ages, statistically most often in winter and early spring. Pneumonia can be
- caused by various bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents.
-
- Emphysema is characterized by abnormal difficulty in breathing upon
- exertion. As the disease advances it becomes more and more difficult for the
- patients to breathe. In advanced stages, breathing even at rest is
- difficult. The patient becomes thin and malnourished-appearing with a
- barrel-shaped chest, and appears to be in respiratory distress even during
- mild exertion as indicated by noisy expulsion of air. The causes of
- Emphysema may include air pollution, smoking, occupational exposure to
- mineral dusts, vegetable dusts and fibers. Regularly inhaled fumes and
- gases, infection and heredity may also play an important part in the
- development of Emphysema. The disease may progress even with intensive
- treatment and after stopping smoking. However, one hereditary type of
- Emphysema (alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency) is treatable with the orphan drug
- Prolastin (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alpha-1-
- Antitrypsin" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Infant, also called Hyaline Membrane
- Disease of the Newborn, is characterized by respiratory distress seen
- especially in premature babies. A clear membrane is found lining the
- alveolar spaces in the lungs and is associated with reduced amounts of lung
- wetting agents or emulsifier (surfactant). The surfactant is a lipoprotein
- that stabilizes alveolar volume. When this surfactant is missing the
- affected infant must be placed on some type of ventilator. Recently new
- drugs are being developed to aid the infant in breathing. Surfactant TA is
- an orphan drug under development by Ross Laboratories, a division of Abbott
- Laboratories. Human Surf is a second orphan drug being developed by Dr. T.
- Allen Merritt of the University of California Medical Center, in San Diego.
- More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of the
- therapies on new born infants. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome includes the use of
- mechanical ventilation, physical ventilation (PEEP) and surgical insertion of
- a breathing tube (tracheotomy). Treatment of secondary infections includes
- use of antibiotics and surgical drainage of closed space infections.
- Infection is the most serious complication in the ARDS patient because it
- frequently leads to spread of bacteria throughout the body with low blood
- pressure and multiple organ failure with extremely serious complications.
- Careful infection control measures are recommended for those in contact with
- patients. Treatment is deemed successful when the patient no longer needs
- mechanical assistance for breathing.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Two drugs, Ketoconazole (antifungal) and Prostaglandin (a natural hormone),
- are being investigated for use in treating Adult Respiratory Distress
- Syndrome to prevent secondary infection. More research is necessary to
- determine long-term effectiveness of these treatments.
-
- The use of the orphan drug, colfosceril palmitate, cetyl alcohol,
- tyloxapol, trade name Exosurf, is being tested in the treatment of Adult
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The drug is sponsored by: Burroughs
- Wellcome Co., 3030 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- February 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- American Lung Association
- 1740 Broadway
- New York, NY 10019
- (212) 315-8700
-
- NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute (NHBLI)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 612, 614, 618, 1537.
-
- KETOCOAZOLE PREVENTS ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE IN CRITICALLY ILL SURGICAL
- PATIENTS. G.J. Slotman, et al.; J Trauma (May, 1988, issue 28 (5)). Pp.
- 648-654.
-
- ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. II
- MANAGEMENT. J. Royall, et al.; J Pediatr (March, 1988, issue 112 (3)). Pp.
- 335-347.
-
- PULMONARY EXTRACTION AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF PROSTAGLANDIN E1 DURING
- CONTINUOUS INTRAVENOUS INFUSION IN PATIENTS WITH ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
- SYNDROME. J.W. Cox, et al.; Am Rev Respir Dis (January, 1988, issue 137
- (1)). Pp. 5-12.
-
-